Spiritual Criminals: How the Camden 28 Put the Vietnam War on Trial

The University of Chicago Press, 2024

A surprising look at the 28 Catholic radicals who raided a draft board in 1971—and got away with it.

When the FBI arrested twenty-eight people in connection to a break-in at a Camden, New Jersey, draft board in 1971, the Bureau celebrated. The case should have been an easy victory for the department—the perpetrators had been caught red-handed attempting to destroy conscription documents for draftees into the Vietnam War. But the results of the trial surprised everyone, and in the process shook the foundations of American law, politics, and religion.

In Spiritual Criminals, Michelle M. Nickerson shares a complex portrait of the Camden 28, a passionate group of grassroots religious progressives who resisted both their church and their government as they crusaded against the Vietnam War. Founded by priests, nuns, and devout lay Catholics, members of this coalition accepted the risks of felony convictions as the cost of challenging the nation’s military-industrial complex and exposing the illegal counterintelligence operations of the FBI. By peeling away the layers of political history, theological traditions, and the Camden 28’s personal stories, Nickerson reveals an often-unseen spiritual side of the anti-war movement. At the same time, she probes the fractures within the group, detailing important conflicts over ideology, race, sex, and gender that resonate in the church and on the political Left today.

Endorsements:

“Spiritual Criminals beautifully illuminates not only one of the most contentious court cases of the Vietnam war era but the forgotten religious and political worlds beneath the trial. Radical priests, nuns, and Catholic laypeople emerge from these compelling pages as central to the anti-Vietnam war effort, and their successes and travails tell us much about the trajectory of 1960s era activism.”

John McGreevy, University of Notre Dame

“In Michelle Nickerson’s often moving Spiritual Criminals, twenty-eight mostly lay Catholics confronted their Church and the US government to end the Vietnam War by destroying draft board records. Nickerson’s story of faith, betrayal, theology, and a trial that shockingly acquitted the Camden 28 offers poignant testimony to the power of moral suasion in a compromised world-a deftly researched, powerfully written, deeply touching book.”

Jon Butler, author of God in Gotham: The Miracle of Religion in Modern Manhattan

“Spiritual Criminals takes us into the lost but thrilling world of the Vietnam-era Catholic Left, where young people wrestled with great moral questions in dramatic and daring ways. The story of the Camden 28 is a political page-turner, wonderfully well told. It reminds us that the terms ‘religious’ and ‘right’ did not always go together. It also has much to teach today’s antiwar activists, as both a model and a cautionary tale.”

Beverly Gage, author of G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century

Reviews

Forward Magazine, July/August 2024, “Michelle M. Nickerson’s Spiritual Criminals is a gripping account of the Camden 28, Catholic war protesters who burglarized a federal building and were acquitted in a well-publicized trial in the early 1970s.”

Choice, January 2025: “t is a tale told brilliantly and thoroughly, placing it among the best in the literature on 1960s radicalism. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.”

To learn more about the Camden 28, visit Additional Resources: The Camden 28.